Pre-Darwinism Views Essays - Biological Evolution, Sexual Selection

Pre-Darwinism Views Essays - Biological Evolution, Sexual Selection Pre-Darwinism Views Prior to November 24, 1859, numerous individuals just accepted that species were made by God in their current structures, or that it was feasible for natural issue to be brought forth from inorganic issue. Notwithstanding, Charles Darwin utilized these plans to make his theory, On the Inception of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The main genuine speculations on development emerge during the old style Greek period. On a bunch of Greek logicians put stock in the hypothesis of advancement and common choice. Sadly, the two rationalists who impacted western human progress the most, Plato also, Aristotle, contradicted any hypothesis of advancement. Plato accepted that there were two universes, one genuine world, and one flawed world that we see with our faculties. Any varieties in life were defective pictures of their optimal structures. Be that as it may, Aristotle didnt trust in two universes; rather, he had faith in a size of nature. Every living thing was orchestrated on a sort of stepping stool. It began at the base with the least perplexing life form what's more, proceeded up to the most unpredictable living being. Every living being had a pre-decided rung, which permitted no capacity to go up, and no open spaces for another creature to fill. As indicated by Neil Campbell in his book, Biology: Fourth Edition, Juedo-Christian culture invigorated enemy of advancement hypotheses. (p. 400-401) The creationist-essentialist authoritative opinion that species were changeless and made for a particular reason turned out to be profoundly implanted in Western idea. Any individual who set out to hypothesize or put stock in speculations about development were right away named blasphemers. The medieval church considered advancement to be stating that God didn't exist, that we are not the incomparable creation, and that people could just be transformative missteps. Notwithstanding, in the later 1700s and mid 1800s there was a logical upset occurring. Individuals started to utilize logical investigations to clarify what they had consistently put confidence in. As indicated by Campbell, the primary huge advance in the improvement of the hypothesis of advancement was made via Carolus Linnaeus. (p. 400-401) Linnaeus was the author of scientific classification and built up the naming framework for creatures that we despite everything use today. He assembled living beings dependent on comparative attributes. This, for Darwin, would turn into a point of convergence of his hypothesis of advancement. At the point when Darwin started his exploration on board the H.M.S. Beagle in 1831, he had a few pre-built thoughts. The first was that he dismissed Platos, Aristotles, and the Churchs thoughts that living being were made the manner in which they are, and will never show signs of change. The second was about Linnaeus documenting framework; Darwin accepted that comparable species must of advanced from comparable predecessors. During his stumble on the Beagle, Darwin gathered 13 various sorts of finches that he accepted were various species. At the point when he came back to Incredible Britain in 1836, he gained from ornithologists that the 13 distinct kinds of finches he gathered, were to be sure isolated species. This disclosure drove Darwin to speculate that if a species was segregated, at that point it would adjust to accommodate its environmental factors; simply like how the finches adjusted new mouths relying upon their local kinds of food. At long last in 1844, Darwin composed an article on his hypothesis of normal choice and the starting point of species. At the point when Darwin completed his book on development, The Origin of Species, he had two significant thoughts: the first was that development was the clarification for lifes solidarity and assorted variety; the second was that common determination is the reason for adjustments. Darwin given various case of his speculations, yet he was still questioned. In any case, on of his cutting edge supporters named Ernst Mayr has given his own speculations and evidence of Darwins thoughts. As for Darwins thoughts on normal choice and adjustment, Mayr utilized an firmly related gathering of creepy crawly species to demonstrate this point. In Malaya round, pink blossoms are normal; so the mantid local to Malya is round and pink. Notwithstanding, in Central America, most plants have green, oval-like leaves; so the mantid to Central America is green and oval-like fit as a fiddle. This model shows how types of normal family have adjusted to accommodate their individual environmental factors. Regarding Darwins thoughts on advancement, we will take a gander at the mustard plant. The mustard plant is the evolutional predecessor of six unique vegetables: cauliflower, cabbage, brussels grows, broccoli, kale, and kohlrabi. Reproducer have had the option to demonstrate this by concentrating on one specific piece of the plant to emphasize. The procedure of emphasizing the plant parts by raisers is proof of advancement, then again, actually people are controlling the outcomes to address their own issues. There truly isn't considerably more data on

Working for a Large Company

The quantity of individuals in the US who are stopping their corporate occupations to begin their own organizations is developing. One late top rated book entitled Fire your Boss! appears to mirror the developing discontent with organization life. For what reason are such a large number of individuals going into their own organizations? A most baffling aspect regarding corporate life is the organization. This is the regulatory arrangement of desk work and formality that monitors everything in the corporation.Any choice must be settled upon by numerous individuals in various offices and levels of the organization. This can be exceptionally disappointing for singular representatives who need to have command over their own work. They can become exasperated when their smart thoughts get tied up for quite a long time in the bureaucratic hardware. Workers frequently long the opportunity of working for themselves. Another discouraging part of working for an organization is the absence of oc cupation security.Contrary to entrepreneurs, representatives in a huge organization can be terminated whenever, for practically no explanation. On the off chance that there is a downturn in the economy, cutbacks are probably going to come. Regardless of whether a laborer has given a valiant effort to serve the enterprises, he could wind up terminated all of a sudden or clarification. At the point when an individual works for himself, in any case, he can't be terminated. The customarily alluring incidental advantages of a corporate position have been diminishing as of late as well.There was when getting an occupation at a top partnership implied the representative was guaranteed of a decent retirement. An ever increasing number of nowadays, notwithstanding, annuity benefits are being sliced to bring down finance costs. Laborers are being compelled to stress increasingly over their own retirement plans. In a similar vein, human services is another advantage that has begun to vanish. H ealth care coverage premiums are rising, while secured ailments are contracting. This implies workers are paying more cash based costs than previously and receiving less consideration consequently.

The Bataan Death March Essays - World War II, Philippines, Military

The Bataan Death March The Bataan Death March, which was begun on December 7, 1941, happened not long after the besieging of Pearl Habor. The Bataan Death March was critical from multiple points of view. The Bataan Death March began when almost 70,000 Americans and Filipinos were caught and made POW's (Prisoners Of War) by the Japanese. The detainees had to walk 55 miles, in transit there they were beaten with sticks, kicked, and seriously manhandled. Each time somebody would tumble down, he would be shot. Just 54,000 made it to camp. On December 7, 1941, Japan assaulted Pearl Habor. The Amereican Pacific Navel Fleet endured substantial misfortunes in lives and ships. On December 8, 1941, Japan propelled an ethereal assault on the Philippines. Inexperianced troops neglected to stop the Japanese at Northern Luzon and Southern Mindanao Islands (the Japanese arrival focuses). The Filipino-American powers strategic to set out a hit. They were to slow down the Japanese headway by compelling them to utilize their soldiers and assets in the catching of the Philippines, for whatever length of time that conceivable. This would purchase the required opportunity to modify the American Pacific Fleet. The Filipino-American Defense of Bataan was dirupted by numerous variables, for example, a lack of food, ammo, medication, and chaperon materials. The greater part of the ammo as old and consumed. Tanks, trucks, and different vehicles were in short suply, alongside fuel expected to control them. Sickness, ailing health, weariness , and absence of fundamental supplies incurred significant damage. On March 11, 1942 General MacArthur was requested to Australia, General Wainwright had his spot in Corregidor, as authority of Philippine powers. General King assumed Wainwrights position as authority of Filipino-American powers in Bataan. Later in March, General King and his staff decided the Filipino-American powers in Bataan could just battle 30 percent of their effectiveness because of ailing health, sickness, absence of ammo and essential supplies, and exhaustion. On April 9, 1942, General King gave up his powers on Bataan, after the Japanese got through the last primary line of opposition. The Filipino-American warriors were collected in different parts in Bataan by the Japanese, yet generally amassed in Mariveles, the southern most tip of the Peninsula. American trucks were accessible to ship the detainees however the Japanese chose to walk the Defenders of Bataan to their goals. This walk was to be known as the Death March. The Death March was really a progression of walks, which had kept going five to nine days. The separation a hostage needed to walk was dictated by where on the path the hostage had started the walk. The fundamental path of the Demise March a 55-mile walk from Mariveles, Bataan, to San Fernando, Pangpanga. At San Fernando, the detainees were set into train-vehicles, made for payload, and railed to Capas, Tarlac, a separation of around 24 miles. Handfuls passed on standing up in the railroad vehicles, as the vehicles were confined to the point that there was no space for the dead to fall. They were, at that point, walked another six miles to their l ast goal, Camp O'Donnell. A few thousand men kicked the bucket on the Demise March. Numerous kicked the bucket, since they were in no state of being to attempt such a walk. Once on the walk, they were not given any food or water. Japanese officers slaughtered huge numbers of them through different methods. Additionally, POWs were more than once beaten and rewarded heartlessly, as they walked. Around, 1,600 Americans kicked the bucket in the initial forty days in Camp O'Donnell. Right around 20,000 Filipinos kicked the bucket in their initial four months of imprisonment in a similar camp. The more advantageous detainees alternated covering their friends into mass graves, where soon enough, they would be covered, days or weeks after the fact. Camp O'Donnell didn't have the sanitation sub-structure or water gracefully important to hold such a lot of men. Numerous kicked the bucket from maladies they had since Bataan. Many contracted new infections while at the Camp. There was little me dication accessible to the detainees. Their deficient weight control plans likewise added to the high passing rate. Maladies, for example, diarrhea, from an absence of safe drinking water, and Beri-Beri, from unhealthiness were basic to the POWs. The Japanese fighters kept on killing and miss-treat their hostages. Because of the high demise rate in Camp O'Donnell,

Free Essays on Tango

Free Essays on Tango A large number of the moves that we have today we owe to the jazz age . The moves were moved to speak to the subject of opportunity and through and through freedom of the 1920’s. The Boston two stage and the one stage and the Charleston are a portion of the well known moves of that time. The Tango was additionally an extraordinary sensation during the jazz age. It was the mansions who brought the move popularity it was moved in many ball rooms it was a wonderful thing. Indeed, even books were distributed to figure out how to move the tango. The Tango and how to move it was distributed in 1913 composed by Gladys Crozier.... <input type=submit class=button orange value=Read the Full Version onclick=window.location = 'https://www.free-school essays.com/signup.html'; return bogus;/>

Study of Southwest Airlines Essay -- Business Management Studies SWOT

Investigation of Southwest Airlines 1. What three things intrigue you most about this organization? One thing that truly dazzled me about Southwest was their capacity to keep up high benefits and keep up a high client base significantly after the September 11 assaults and 2002 downturn. Another noteworthy property is the way that they can keep their costs extremely low and moderate to clients. The exact opposite thing that truly dazzled me about Southwest Airlines was their administration framework. Their witticism that representatives are equivalent to upper administration appeared to me an unsafe approach, yet for Southwest it was a splendid and gainful thought. 2. Do a SWOT examination. (See Exhibit 1 for investigation) Quality * Major gainful carrier organization since September 11, fear assault * Lower costs than contenders * Friendly help * Short air travel between two urban communities * Upside-down pyramid the executives framework * Plenty of day by day flights * Entertainment for travelers Shortcoming * Only travels to 29 states * Cannot rival bigger carrier organizations * Does not use a center framework * No five star seating * Smaller seats contrasted with bigger aircraft organizations * Only uses Boeing 737 Airlines OPPORTUNITES * Slash Prices considerably more to dispense with contenders * Add top notch compartment * Expansion into new geographic district * Add trips in regions where opponents were decreasing assistance * Expand carrier armada to fly longer separations * Add longer, direct flights Dangers * New participants * Increased contention * FAA rules and guidelines * Government Regulation * Land-based travel, for example, Amtrak and Greyhound * Other aircraft organizations copying Southwest Airlines? methodology 3. What evaluation would you give Southwest administration for the activity it has done in creating the company?s system? I would give Southwest administration An evaluation, for the explanation that Southwest Airlines is portrayed as a topsy turvy pyramid. The upper the board is at the base and supports the forefront representatives, who are the specialists. This is Herb Kelleher's irregular administration style, in which the executives choices are made by everybody in the association, not simply the head officials. The organization is portrayed as not having quite a bit of an accentuation on structure; rather, representatives are urged to think unreservedly without constrai... ...mselves and stress the nature of these ornamentations, (for example, roomier seats). Others, through utilization of flight center points, are the main ones who can financially serve remote clients. Another shortcoming of Southwest Airlines is its inclination for Boeing 737s. Being constrained to one kind of plane departs them with little adaptability when the model gets an awful notoriety or a basic blemish is found. Such would be an expensive endeavor for this organization, who has utilized just one kind of plane, and despite a critical circumstance would confront an expensive endeavor of discovering substitutions or balancing awful exposure. A potential danger is that since Southwest Airlines' methodology has demonstrated so successful, it will be copied by its rivals to a point where it would lose creativity. This could result in contenders offering low rates to the territories secured by Southwest and past, making Southwest Airlines' range and impediments increasingly self-evident. It would be truly conceivable sooner rather than later where a major organization, with its center points (something Southwest doesn't have), would fundamentally present Southwest Airlines' minimal effort model to a more extensive market, infringing and exceeding Southwest Airlines.

Listen to Admissions the creative process for Pi day videos

Listen to Admissions the creative process for Pi day videos The blogs have been quiet lately. Summer is ending, freshman are arriving on campus, upperclassmen are returning to campus, admissions officers are preparing for the admissions cycle (sort of like preparing for hibernation, but for being buried in applications instead of snow). So here is some #Content for you: last November, Loren S. 17  and I were interviewed by the Video4Colleges podcast about the drone delivery video from Pi Day 2015. Loren and I collaborated, with Elizabeth, on that video (and this past springs  droid delivery video, and also the Tim Beaver epic splits video), and the V4C folks wanted to know more about the creative production process for these weird videos we make that arent at all standard fare for the industry. I already posted some of the cinematographic behind the scenes  for the drone delivery video, but this interview delves a little bit more deeply into how we came up with that concept, the philosophy and strategy behind how we communicate to prospective students (i.e., you), the ideation/iteration process for these videos and other creative projects, how Loren and I started working together (and how we work with the rest of the communications team here), and so on. Hopefully it will be an interesting little window into the somewhat-peculiar-but-hopefully-entertaining stuff we make for you.

Industrial And Organisational Psychology Project - 2200 Words

Industrial And Organisational Psychology Project (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Industrial and Organizational Project Part 2NAMEINSTITUTIONCOURSE AND PREFIX NUMBERMethodology and DesignMy dissertation is on how organizational culture can be used to drive compliance with sterile protocols in healthcare. This research study applies a quantitative methodology with a descriptive research design. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive research is to analyse to what extent organisational culture, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours influence standard sterilization protocol compliance for healthcare workers at acute hospitals. The rate of nosocomial infections is on the rise and the compliance of healthcare workers is at the core of it. With the anticipated research design, sampling, data collection and data analysis approaches; the most appropriate methodology for the study proved to be quantitative. The research questions necessitated the use of numerical/quantitative data hence the quantitative methodology was most suitable for this research st udy. The quantitative methodology and a descriptive design also suits the data collection approach for this research and are appropriate for the ordinal data sets as the independent variables in this study necessitate. Yilmaz (2013) elucidates that quantitative research methodologies are suitable for descriptive research when the researcher aims to confirm a hypothesis about a phenomena and align with descriptive statistics and descriptive data.This general approach selected for this research study entails the collection of data so that the data can be measured/quantified and subjected to data analysis so as to back or refute the hypotheses .Williams (2011) explains quantitative researches as approaches to research studies that involve a statistical and numerical approach to research design. The research revolves around two research questions. First; how can the constructs of organizational culture be applied in hospital settings to help curb nosocomial infections? The second questi on is; how can the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of health care workers be altered to influence positive infection control adherence. From these two research question, it is clear the appropriateness of the quantitative methodology as the study tries to explain and make conjectures that will apply to other situations and people. The motive, hereby, is to determine, ratify and/or validate relationships and develop generalizations that add to theory. According to Leedy Ormrod (2001) this is the foundation of a quantitative research methodology.This study applies a descriptive research design. Leedy Ormrod (2001) explain descriptive research design as the research approach whereby the situation is analysed as it exists in its current state. They further posit that this research entails the determination of features of a give phenomenon based on observational basis or through the investigation of the correlation between two or more phenomena. Due to the critical role played by the health care workers in the prevention and control of nosocomial infections, the comprehension of the relation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour to standard protocol compliance is essential. It is important to fully understand the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of healthcare workers and how these constructs affect their compliance to standard infection prevention and control protocols. The study describes the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the healthcare workers and how these influence their adherence to standard protocols. The fulfilment of this research will need the use of descriptive and inferential statistics hence the application of descriptive design. In addition, the collection of the descriptive data as well as the use of questionnaires to collect the data implies the adoption of a quantitative research design.SamplingThe sample population will involve one hundred and ninety health care workers of two acute hospitals in the United States. The departments included from the two acute hospitals sampled will be sterile processing departments, operating theatres, dialysis units and surgical wards. The area of interest is on surgical site instruments in sterile processing department. These departments are the most prone to nosocomial infections such as surgical site infections. Every health care worker in these departments is crucial to the study. The target population is those care providers charged with the sterilization of surgical site instruments as well as those who use these instruments. These include the surgical nurses, the medical interns, the sterile processing department workers, the surgeons and all the care providers who attend to patient undergoing surgeries.The participants will be selected through simple random sampling technique. This is a form of probability sampling approach whereby everyone has an equal chance of being selected (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2012). This helps to cull a smaller sample from the larger sa mple so as to be able to accurately make generalizations regarding the larger group. The target is to involve more than eighty percent of all the healthcare workers. It also targets the population to cut across all the relevant professions, departments in both hospitals. This sample size is not small hence will lower the margin of error and increase the confidence level. This increases the accuracy of the collected data as well as the accuracy of the overall research. A target of eighty percent of the population implies a confidence level of ninety percent and a minimal margin of error of three point five percent.Sources of dataThe research study applies primary sources of data. It uses researcher-made questionnaires for the data collection. This is in line with the research design as this is a quantitative descriptive research. In addition, the collection of the ordinal data set for the independent variables suit the use of questionnaires for data collection. The questionnaires use d in the research will be titled Standard Sterilization Protocol Adherence. The questionnaires will be in line with the standards, manuals and guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).The questionnaires will be self-administered comprising of ten items which assess the knowledge, attitudes, organisational structure and behaviour self-reported on the practice of standard protocol compliance Likert scale: never, sometimes, often and always. There will be a checklist to behaviour in the practices of standard protocols such as manipulating needle, proper protective personal equipment (PPE) based on the CDC manual, proper hand hygiene and proper sterilization processes of surgical site instruments. A practitioners attitudes and knowledge scale is inclusive in the questionnaire containing fifteen items that assess their perception, feeling and knowledge on hospital acquired infections, their transmissions and their control.The questionnaires will be divided in four parts. The first section is the sociodemographic section. This is an open section where the respondents fill in their data. The second part is the scale compliance to use of standard protocols in the daily and routine practices. This section applies a four-point Likert scale ranging from never to always. The third part relates to the organisation structure of the hospital and how it influences their compliance. The responses will have well defined questions which the respondents will answer true or false to. The final part is on the practitioners knowledge and attitudes which the respondents answer true or false to. Due to the probability of bias in the third section, the section is based and modified from the Socially Desirable Response Set Five-Item Survey (SDRS-5) by RAND( Rand Health, n.d).This has been tested forinternal consistency and reliability in two samples with estimated Alpha reliability estimates of 0.66 and 0.6 8 ( Rand Health, n.d). The use of the Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences (SPSS) software will come in handy in facilitating the testing for Cronbachs Alpha which will confirm the scale reliability and internal consistency.Self-administered questionnaires help to accurately collect information without the interference of the researcher (Lavrakas, 2008). The questionnaires will be administered in person to the sample population. The questionnaires will be accompanied by the Universitys research approval and consent from the hospital management. These will help ensure confidentiality of the collected information and the rightful purpose of the data collected for study and research purposes. The administration of the questionnaires will be aided by the management of the two hospitals who will help in identifying the personnel and issuing them with the questionnaires through the hospital reception area where they will be directed to pick the surveys and drop them after they have f illed them.Data AnalysisThe data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. This descriptive statistical analysis is aligned with the quantitative methodology and the descriptive research design. This will be aided by the application of Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 23GA for Microsoft Windows 10. With SPSS, data can be analysed in three main ways; describing the data, evaluating the relationship between variables and comparing groups to establish significant differences. Description of data involves the use of statistics such as frequency, mean, median, mode and standard deviation. To compare between variables, statistics such as regression, correlation and factor analyses. Comparisons are made with the use of statistics such as ANOVA and t-tests.Being a descriptive study, the analysis will involve much of describing the data. This is especi...

Russian Art Facts and Key Movements

Comback of Steroids in Sport - 584 Words

By the end of the 21st century steroids will be permitted in every professional sport. Professional sports can put as many limitations on what athletes can take but it will never be enough. Many athletes will have enough money to overcome these limitations. They may still get caught with the drugs but they have enough money to control the media so people won’t see what they did. There is only one way to level the playing field. The only way is to make steroids legal in professional sports. In the article, â€Å"Why it’s Time to Legalize Steroids in Professional Sports† by Chris Smith, he says, â€Å"Not only would the playing field suddenly be even for all players, it would be at a higher level.† I think that this is exactly true. Legalizing steroids would make the sports more entertaining. Athletes in the sport will be able to play at a higher level. Chris Smith also said, â€Å"It also makes sense for professional sports to allow steroids from a busin ess standpoint.† People will pay more money to watch the upper level athletes perform. If steroids were legal it would make drug stores more money because more people would be buying steroids. Not only will the legalization of steroids benefit the sport, it will benefit other businesses as well. Athletes will have a choice of if they want to do steroids or not. There are many side effects of using steroids. One of the side effects is that the body will stop producing natural testosterone. The next side effect is that steroids cause

Obesity Is The Greatest Epidemic - 2301 Words

Introduction A condition of modern times, obesity is said to be the greatest epidemic currently facing humanity (WHO, 2003; Hill, 2007). Obesity is one of the most frequent causes of preventable death in developed nations (Bauer et al., 2014), with the United States being home to over 150 million overweight or obese individuals – 65% of the adult population (Flegel, 2002; US Census Bureau, 2010). Obesity is often caused by a mismatch between energy intake and usage, thus it is frequently seen in those who live a sedentary lifestyle (Hu, 2003), such as the patient in this scenario. Obesity is now a major public health concern and has recently been voted by the American Medical Association to be classified as a ‘disease’ (Dailey, 2013). Indeed, the cost of obesity to the United Kingdom’s economy was estimated to be  £15.8 billion, with  £4.2 billion in direct costs to the National Health Service (Public Health England, 2007). 1) Definition and classification of obesit y Definition Obesity is a medical condition in which excess fat is accumulated by the body, to the extent that it may have a negative impact on health (Haslam and James, 2005). The patient in the scenario clearly understands this aspect of obesity, as he mentions that he is ‘worried’ about gaining weight. Use of body mass index to define obesity A more objective definition of obesity involves the use of body mass index (BMI), which is given by the following equation: where m is height (meters) and hShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Teenage Obesity Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage obesity is rising significantly not only in the New Zealand but all throughout the world. It is growing epidemic and it’s a terrible thing. Watching a teenager wobble around all day out of breath and struggling to manage the stairs at school something no one should ever witness but with 18%⠁ ´ of teenagers obese it’s becoming a more common site everyday. Obesity is a risk factor for several diseases and it can lead to more serious problem in the end and can be fatal that can cause even deathRead MoreHealth Risks Of The United States Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbesiege Americans are fought by creating a vaccination or an antibiotic that can be administered to all who are infected, one of the greatest health risks facing America’s nation today is sadly an epidemic, not just of a physical nature but often times also with behavioral origins , and whose eradication has been one of the most difficult our nation faces. 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Obesity has become not only the number one cause in death, but according to David Zinczenko, editor-in-chief of Men’s Health and author of â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater†, it is the number one cost in health care with numbers rising well over 100 billion dollars a year (196). There are manyRead MoreEquity Theory and Childhood Obesity1429 Words   |  6 Pagesforce within the workplace, and a significant barrier to intimacy in personal relationships. This tends to complicate the manner in which managers interact with employees to find ways (salary, praise, training, education, experience) to allow for the greatest possible productivity, or for interpersonal relationships to actualize (Montana and Chanrov, 2008). For the individual to perceive themselves as being treated fairly, that individual must believe that the ratio of his inputs to his outcomes toRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And Adolescents1427 Words   |  6 Pagesas physical inactivity, results in an energy imbalance and can lead to a major social issue of childhood obesity. The World Health Organization defines childhood obesity as a ‘serious medical condition consisting in excess body fat that affects children and adolescents.’ To address this problem, assessing the factors that have been suggested as contributing to the development of childhood obesity is vital. Some of these include genetic factors, declining levels of physical activity, increased timeRead More Causes of Childhood Obesity Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pages8-year old daughters obesity, a prideful mother replies Oh its no big deal, she just still has her baby fat. Unfortunately, chances are that the daughters obesity is not ca used by her baby fat, but can be contributed to a combination of diet, genetics, and a sedentary lifestyle. Studies show that obesity among children 6-17 years of age, has increased by 50% in the last 20 years, with the most dramatic increase seen in children ages 6-11 (Axmaker, 1). This obvious epidemic has raised great concernRead MoreCauses of Childhood Obesity Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Childhood Obesity Works Cited Axmaker, Larry. Childhood Obesity Should be Taken Seriously. Online Posting 24 November 2004. Accessed 9 April 2005. 1-4. Bastin, Sandra. Perils of Childhood Obesity. American Academy of Pediatrics Quarterly. Volume 31 (11/2001): 44-49. Retrieved Medline 9 April 2005. 1-5. Buffington, Cynthia. Causes of Childhood Obesity. Beyond Change: Information Regarding Obesity and Obesity Surgery. Volume 17 (12/2003): 12-17. Retrieved AcademicRead MoreObesity Is A Problem That Is Faced Amongst Many Individuals Across The World Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Obesity is a problem that is faced amongst many individuals across the world. Obesity is a serious health and societal issue that is rising at extreme rates, some may call it an epidemic in both developed and developing countries. Obesity is a global problem, with almost 30 percent of people globally are now either obese or overweight which is affecting an estimate of 2.1 billion people worldwide and it’s prevalence in the recent decade had a rapid increase. It’s a well-known fact that the oddsRead MoreObesity in the United States1115 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States today, obesity has become an enormous burden on both the health and healthcare of those affected. In the last 3 dec ades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. According to the Centers of Disease Control, as of 2013, 34.9% of our population is considered overweight or obese. America is the richest yet the fattest nation in the world, and our obese backsides are the butt of jokes in every other country (Klein, 1994). Obesity is defined as having excess body

The Labor Movement Of The United States Essay - 858 Words

Labor force ï‚ ¾ the measure of the number of people actively involved in the labor marketï‚ ¾ is a topic of concern for economists (Bullard 1). Since the financial crisis and Great Recession of 2009, economists are closely observing the changing nature of the labor force in the United States, in an effort to understand sources of future economic growth. This topic is of major interest because of its sharp decline after the Recession of 2007-2009, in comparison to the Great Depression. Labor force participation rate is a ratio in which the labor force is divided by the civilian non-institutional population 16 years of age or older. During an economic recession, unemployed workers get discouraged and stop looking for employment, dropping the participation rate drastically. Labor force participation used to be relatively low, it decreased during the 1970s 1980s, and 1990s, rising in 2000 and declining once again in late 2000 (Bullard 4). â€Å"In early 2007, 66% of Americans were in the labor force. After the recession struck, participation tumbled, falling to 64% by 2012. By September 2015 it had hit 62.4%ï‚ ¾ its lowest since 1977† (â€Å"The Force Awakens†). However, throughout this year the number of employment has risen as result of increasing participation from Americans into the labor force, pushing the rate back up .6%. This means that the economy has created 215,000 net new jobs in March, decreasing unemployment from 5.1% in September 2015 to 5% in April 2016 (â€Å"The Force Awakens†).Show MoreRelatedThe Labor Movement Of The United States Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesThe labor movement in the United States has had a turbulent history with not being equal to all in society. 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Cbta Free Essays

string(69) " performance with a stop watch then it is probably not a competency\." Military profession can be considered as one of the oldest professions in the world. It had been a feature of societies throughout history where certain groups of people were entrusted with the responsibility of defending the state. The military profession today however, differs in many aspects from the military of the late eighteenth century in the sense that recruitment is based on education and skill rather than on the basis of social origins. We will write a custom essay sample on Cbta or any similar topic only for you Order Now Military men today work on a full-time basis instead of regarding military service as a part-time vocation or hobby. All professions are expected to maintain a certain level of competency and will be reprimanded or reject outright if they do not measure up to the required professional standards. The military profession must maintain high standards of performance in the eyes of the general public in order to hold its credibility and professional standing. Over the years, western writers like Huntington (1957), Janowitz (1971) and Sarkesian (1975) had given their views on the subject of military profession and professionalism. They had identified the following general characteristics of military professionalism which are organizational structure, special knowledge, education and training, self-regulation and commitment. The Malaysian Army had rise up to the challenge in addressing the issues of military professionalism among its personnel. All the characteristics of military professionalism mentioned earlier are being addressed seriously by the Army. Thus, one of the measures taken by the Army that the best place to start inculcating professionalism among the soldiers should start at the training centers. The Army has 17 training institutions all over the country and in 2011 the budget allocated for the Markas Pemerintahan Latihan dan Doktrin Tentera Darat was $22. 7 million. With 250 courses and 441 series of courses in 2011, the number of soldiers trained in year 2011 was approximately 16,000. This is a significant figure that can be considered as products of the Malaysian Army. Therefore, the Army has taken an approach by introducing the Competency Based Training and Assessment (CBTA) as a measure to increase the level of professionalism among its personnel. CBTA is not a new approach in training. It has been a nationwide move by the Ministry of Human Resources. Malaysia, along with the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden and Germany were the main players in implementing CBTA since year 2000. The introduction of the National Skills Certification System in 1993 by the Majlis Latihan Vokasional Kebangsaan (MLVK) and the soon to be implemented National Skills Development Act by the Ministry of Human Resources as well as the Malaysian Qualification Framework (MQF) by the Ministry of Higher Education will serve to restructure and streamline the national vocational and skills training in the country towards meeting the demands of today’s job tasks more effectively. Its introduction is indeed timely, given the high priority that it places on the area of human resource development. With the emphasis towards preparing trained and qualified skilled workforce to support the country’s economic development, therefore, the more flexible framework of national skills recognition and qualifications is necessary to promote a conducive training culture for the personal motivation of skilled workers, which would hence lead to the overall upgrading of competencies amongst the country’s skilled workforce. Competency based learning has been the basis of most training and has been practiced in most countries. The Roman Army for example, were masters of competency training as applied to large groups and their effectiveness in delivering such training was a major contributor to their military success. A perfect description of competency training is as follows: â€Å"Their drills are like bloodless battles, and their battles are like bloody drills. † Joseph Ben-Matthias, aka Flavius Josephus The terms of CBTA have many variations. Some countries know it as Competency Based Learning (CBL) and some countries call it Competency Based Training (CBT). Nevertheless, competency is the main keyword. CBT was a critical factor in the US Army’s ability to train several million young men during World War II. With the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1942, the US Military was faced with the requirement to train millions of young men for its rapidly expanding armed forces. This rapid expansion required a method for quickly providing people with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to do a particular job. Using variations of CBT, millions of young men were trained, shipped to Europe or the Pacific and due to their training played a major role in the defeat of Germany and Japan. The role of training in enabling the US Military to expand from a very small army to one of several millions in only a short period of time is mainly due to the effectiveness of CBT. The Vocational Education, Employment and Training Advisory Committee of Australia, sees CBTA as â€Å"training geared to the attainment and demonstration of skills to meet industry-specified standards rather than to an individual’s achievement relative to that of others in a group†. CBTA is basically a scientific approach to training that relies on identifying the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to do a particular job, for example for an infantry soldier. The approach taken was to break each job down into groups of competencies. Competencies related to any particular job could be identified through a careful process of training analysis in terms of performance, conditions and standards. For example an infantry soldier might be required to perform firing of a rifle. The conditions required to fire the rifle at various conditions and positions. Example of standards required are, during day on a range at one hundred meters score fifty hits on a target measuring three foot high two foot wide, while standing. There is considerable debate as to what actually makes a competency, but for general purposes it can be identified as a readily identified group of related knowledge, skills and attitudes, which taken together constitute a major part of a job which is subject to measurement and assessment. Generally if you cannot measure performance with a stop watch then it is probably not a competency. You read "Cbta" in category "Essay examples" To give an example, firing a rifle in terms of infantry training can be regarded as a competency. It is a major part of an infantry man’s job. It can be measured in terms of performance, conditions and standards and you can put a stop watch to it. For example, ten shots in the target within one minute. The Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) adopted CBTA based on the concept implemented by the Australian Defence Forces (ADF). The ADF practiced the CBTA concept since year 1996. The MAF, realizing the need to revamp the approach towards training, started the initiative towards CBTA in 2002 and started implementing CBTA in year 2007. The introduction of CBTA in the Army training programs has lead to the establishment of the Malaysian Army Competency Standard (MACS). It is a document that underlines the necessities and requirements that must be obtained by a soldier in their field of expertise. MACS will be assessed based on job proficiency in order to make sure soldiers can accomplish tasks at a level that can be accepted. The Army has identified that there are 318 career and functional courses based on the Armed Forces Code No 2 (AF Code No 2) that need to meet the requirement of MACS. Since the introduction of CBTA until end of year 2011, the number of soldiers who have qualified for the Malaysian Skills Certification (MSC) or also known as Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia (SKM) from Army training institutions is 42,408 students. MSC or SKM is a certification structure which comprises of five levels National Skills Qualification Framework based on National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS). MACS development for the courses listed in the AF Code No 2 varies in terms of achieving SKM accreditation ranging from SKM Level 1 to 5. The strengths of implementing CBTA in the Army encompassed all the general characteristics of military professionalism mentioned earlier. In the area of education and training, once the competencies have been identified then it is relatively easy to structure a training course. You might break the competencies down into component tasks, for example before you can fire a rifle, you would have to learn how to strip and assemble that rifle. That particular task might be listed as a specific learning outcome which has to be performed before meeting the final competency of firing a rifle under specific conditions. It would then be relatively easy to structure a training course, which might involve initial training and then further ‘On-The-Job’ training (OJT), which would deliver to the Army, soldiers with the necessary competencies to do the job required. Implementation of CBTA also allows the Army training institution to produce a more comprehensive training package that take into account the core values of competency (knowledge, skill and attitude). Efficiency in managing training courses, effectiveness of course delivery and systematic evaluation or assessment, ensure the quality of training, hence ensuring the quality of soldiers. Evaluation of a soldier does not end only at a particular training institution, which is the main approach in conventional method of training. CBTA allows continuous evaluation in the form of competency log. This would ensure that a soldier does not only competent during training but also when performing task and duties at workplace. In addition, CBTA can also help the Army to develop a good organizational structure as part of achieving military professionalism. Job analysis and job specification which have been identified during CBTA process, allows the Army to have the right person for the right job. This would allow the Army to identify what sort of competency and soldiers it needs in its organizational hierarchy. Improvements have also been made on Army training centers organizational structure. Moreover, besides having at least an officer responsible on CBTA at each of the Army training institutions, the Army also has started grooming its staff and instructors on what CBTA is all about. In year 2011, there were 5 courses conducted in the Army which aimed to increase the knowledge of the staffs and instructors. The courses were, Pegawai Latihan Vokasional (3 series), Induksi Pentauliahan Persijilan Kemahiran (3 series), Course of Study (4 series), Basic Instructor Methodology (1 series) and Kursus Induksi Pegawai Pengesahan Luaran Vokasional (1 series). These courses would lead the Army to ensure that CBTA is well understood, taught and implemented. As a result, the objectives of CBTA implementation can be achieved. Military professionalism should not only be accepted among military personnel but it must be recognized by the general public. CBTA has allowed military professionalism to be accepted and recognized. The implementation of CBTA in the Army is consistent with the requirement of MLVK. Adoption of CBTA provides soldiers with another qualification path and career development opportunity that has been established in line with the academic qualification structure. In other words, this means that the double qualification structure is based on two types of qualifications, namely the academic qualification and the skills qualification that are available in this country today. The emergence of this new skills qualification structure has opened up a whole new set of opportunities for all soldiers after completing their service in the Army. In addition, it also caters to soldiers who have no qualifications to show despite having years of working experience. As an example, PULMAT has able to get SKM accreditation of SKM Level 4 for its Souse Chef course. It is the highest level of SKM accreditation achieved among all the 318 courses conducted by Army training institutions. Attaining SKM Level 4 accreditation is equivalent to a diploma based on NOSS. Therefore, it can be said that soldiers who have achieved competency in the course is at par with others in the business environment or the labour market. They would also have a better career path after completing military service if they decided to pursue any job with similar competency level. A lot of discussions have been made regarding to the advantages and strengths of CBTA in having the Army desired results. Nevertheless, CBTA also have some weaknesses in heading to higher level of professionalism in the Army. Looking at the milestone and achievement of CBTA in the Army until today, the figures and statistics can be said to the extent of they are alarming. Out of the 17 Army training institutions, only 9 training centers or about 50% are considered accredited training centers. They are IKED, IKEM, IJED, PULMAT, PULNORD, PULAPOT, PULPAK, PULADA and IPDA. These training centers have in total of 42 courses out of 318 courses that have been accredited with SKM certification. This only made up to approximately 13% out courses listed in the AF Code No 2. Only one course managed to get SKM Level 4, 13 courses at SKM Level 3 and 28 courses with SKM Level 1 to Level 2. IJED has the most courses in terms that are accredited with the national level SKM. Based on the AF Code No 2, year 2011, out of the 21 courses were conducted by IJED, 12 courses are accredited with national SKM. In addition, IKEM and PULMAT have 7 courses each with national SKM accreditation. PULADA on the other hand, only have 1 course (Dog Unit Handler Course) which has achieved national SKM accreditation. This is very distressing figures for the Infantry Corps in terms of where is the future of Infantrymen during their service and once they leave the service. The competence level of Infantrymen should portray the professionalism of the Army since most Infantry officers would end up as top brass in the Army. As for the future of Infantrymen after their service, the Army must take a necessary action to in order to ensure that Infantry soldiers have a decent competency to compete in the labour market, especially for the other ranks where they would normally retire by the age of 45 and still need to work to support their family. With only 1 course accredited (SKM Level 2) out of 18 courses conducted by PULADA, CBTA can be said as failed to increase the level of professionalism for the Infantrymen. Only those who have the technical skills and knowledge while serving in Corps such as KJLJD and KPD would reap the benefits of CBTA. With majority of Army personnel were only trained at SKM Level 1 and 2, one lead to wonder how SKM Level 1 and Level 2, help the Army to increase professionalism among its personnel. The general guideline of SKM level is as the following diagram. SKM Level 1 and Level 2 are categorized as in the operation and production level in terms of category of personnel. These are the level where most of Army personnel managed to obtain SKM certification from attending courses in year 2011. In year 2011, 4,800 Army personnel obtained SKM certification. Only 11% (550 personnel) obtained SKM Level 3, 32% (1,516 personnel) obtained SKM Level 2 and 57% (2,734 personnel) obtained SKM Level 1. Thus, referring back to the general characteristics of military professionalism, if the Army considers having most of its personnel achieving SKM Level 1 and Level 2 as increment in professionalism, then CBTA would have met its objective. Nevertheless, military professionalism is more than just special skills as in SKM Level 1 and Level 2. The Army should be looking at aiming for at least SKM Level 3 in order to increase some level of professionalism. SKM Level 3 will allow soldiers to have the three categories of personnel as shown in the diagram. The categories are skills, related/management skills and supervisory skills. Mastering them would lead to achieving military professionalism. When the MAF adopted CBTA, the general guideline of SKM competency has been laid out based on rank structure. SKM Level 1 for the rank of Private and Lance Corporal, Level 2 for Corporal, Level 3 for Sergeant and Staff Sergeant, Level 4 for Warren Officers and Level 5 for Officers. It can be said that some courses in the Army failed to meet the guideline. As an example, the Section Commander course conducted at PULADA, is only developed to achieve SKM Level 2. Thus, for the Infantry Corps, most of its sergeants would have SKM Level 2 instead of SKM Level 3 as required by the MAF. This should be a major concern for the Infantry Corps because it has the most number of personnel in the Army. The number of personnel with the rank of sergeant in the Infantry Corps is approximately 1,500 personnel. In the Infantry Standard Battalion, personnel holding the rank of sergeant are 56% (57 personnel) out of the 102 Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) in the battalion. The Infantry Section Commander course at PULADA basically focus on field application and tactics and not so much focus on managerial and administrative duties at the battalion. The managerial and administrative duties are covered mostly during the Pegawai Tidak Tauliah Rendah (PTTR) course at IPDA. Nevertheless, an infantry soldier is qualified to be given the rank of sergeant once he completed the Infantry Section Commander course. In an Infantry battalion, he is responsible to manage 7 personnel in his section. In year 2011, PULADA conducted 3 series of the Infantry Section Commander course with total number of approximately 300 students. The 300 personnel would have little knowledge of managerial and administrative duties due to normal practice applied in an Infantry Battalion is that a soldier will go for PTTR course once he completed the Infantry Section Commander course and if the he is planned to be promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant. Moreover, on average only 100 bits are given to Infantry Corps per year for the PTTR course. In comparison to the 300 personnel attended the Infantry Section Commander Course per year, less than 50% would have the chance to attend the PTTR course. Hence, approximately 200 personnel would not be competent enough to manage a section of soldiers in the Infantry Battalion. In the Sistem Saraan Malaysia (SSM), a Sergeant in the Infantry Battalion will have to complete the PTTR course if he wishes to have a better pay. He will be given the P2 salary for the rank of Sergeant. Therefore, it can be said that money could be the motivational level to attend the PTTR course. That motivation would force the learning of managerial and administrative knowledge during PTTR course where in return, it would make the Sergeant a better soldier, increasing his level of professionalism. Thus, it leads to the question on the new SBPA salary structure system where salary of P2 no longer applies. There could be personnel by the rank of Sergeant no longer wish to attend the PTTR course if they feel that they would not be promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant. Hence, it can be said to the extent that without the PTTR course they would be less professional. For an Infantry Battalion, the 57 Sergeant would not have the competency to manage approximately 500 soldiers in the battalion if no one attends the PTTR course. The chain reaction effect of this issue is that officers would have a larger responsibility in ensuring military professionalism is carried out in the Army. The responsibility supposedly to be shared among the NCOs and Officers in order to have a well structured organization as required in achieving military professionalism. Another area where CBTA is seen as does not promote the sense of professionalism is in terms of leadership training. CBTA is not effective when used as a basis for training in areas such as leadership, and management where it is almost impossible to measure competency in terms of clearly defined behaviors that contribute to effective management and leadership, hence affecting the characteristics of military professionalism. Such areas still rely on a subjective assessment made by experts in the field. For example many special forces training courses do use competencies as part of the training package where these competencies relate to measurable behaviors. Literally behaviors which can be measured with a stopwatch. However, the final assessment must be subjective. Such assessment could take the form of a group of experts examining each individual and asking a question that can only be answered subjectively such as ‘would you go to war with this man’. If the answer is no, then it doesn’t matter how many behavioral competencies the individual has passed, he is not suitable. Such subjective assessment is probably still appropriate in assessing candidates for jobs where qualities are required that can only be defined subjectively by experts. For example priest, teacher, military officer or a flying instructor. All of these types of jobs require qualities that it is almost impossible to define in terms of behavior. It is hard to say what exactly a good leader is actually doing, but we know it when we see it. Attitude competencies generally fail because they can only be measured in the negative. For example, a competency might require the individual to demonstrate the right attitude to safety. Well you can easily measure the wrong attitude, if somebody lights a cigarette in a no smoking area, you have a behavior which clearly demonstrates a poor attitude to safety. But if the individual is not smoking, it doesn’t demonstrate a positive attitude, all it shows is that the person is not smoking. Officer training courses where students are aware that attitude is being assessed tend to lead to students falsifying their behaviors that they believe will be viewed in a positive light. For example demonstrating keenness by always smiling and being willing to do a task. Any assessment could only conclude that the person is competent at smiling and effective in using the language of volunteering, it says nothing about the individual’s attitude. The keen individual might well turn out to be displaying a competency in duplicitous behavior, which might well be useful but is hardly a trait likely to endear the individual to his or her subordinates. CBTA could also lead to soldiers feel complacent on their achievement. They only have to achieve competence level since the evaluation is either he is competent or not yet competent. In contrast, the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) adopted the Competency Based Learning (CBL) and has a different competence level assessment. The differences between the Malaysian’s Army CBTA are that the SAF’s CBL evaluate performance based on five level of competency. The levels are, Novice/Advance Beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert. The SAF feels that these are the necessary levels that should be assessed in CBL especially leadership training. Therefore, the Malaysian Army leadership training could be hampered in increasing level of professionalism due to soldiers feel that they only have to be assessed as competent. In order to excel, one should not feel complacent but try to bring the best out of him. In conclusion, the Malaysian Army should have a well defined terms and definition of military professionalism. From there, it would be able to understand how CBTA can improve the level of professionalism among its personnel. Based on the discussions, arguments and empirical evidence of CBTA achievements in the Army, it can be concluded that the level of professionalism could be increased solely by implementation of CBTA. Nevertheless, it does not mean that CBTA has failed in terms of its objectives, it merely need a minor overhaul in terms of the SKM level needed by Army personnel in achieving professionalism. 3894 words) REFERENCES 1. Janowitz, Morris, The Professional Soldier, The Free Press, New York, 1971. 2. Huntington, Samuel P. , The Soldier and the Slate, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1957. 3. Sarkesian, Sam C. , The Professional Army officer in a Changing Society, Nelson-Hall Publishers, Chicago, 1975. 4. Ramatahan, K. , Leadership Development Through the Singapor e Armed Forces (SAF) Competency Based Learning Project, SAFTI Military Institute, Singapore, 2000. 5. Annual Report, Laporan Perkembangan Latihan dan Penilaian Berasaskan Kompetensi (LPBK) Tahun 2011, MK LAT-BPL(MLVK)/G3/3001/5(71) dated Feb 2012. 6. MACS Report, Pembangunan Standard Kompetensi Tentera Darat (SKTD) Untuk Tugas Penolong Ketua Platun Infantri Dan Ketua Seksyen Infantri, MK-TD Jab Inf, Kuala Lumpur, Jul 2008. 7. Paper Work, Konsep Strategi dan Perlaksanaan LPBK Dalam Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, MATM/J1CTK/A/238/8 dated 12 Dis 2005. 8. AF Code No 2, Jadual Kursus Tempatan Tahun 2011, Markas Pemerintahan Latihan dan Doktrin Tentera Darat, Kuala Lumpur, 2011. How to cite Cbta, Essay examples

The Advantages of Group Work Free-Samples- Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss the Group Work Advantage Explain how these Advanges help the University/High school students to become Successfull. Answer: Introduction To work in a team is a very common element of any business environment and may become an approach that organizations take for particular work, accountabilities or some special cases. It can usually be challenging for many types of personalities or types to work together on a common set of objectives; it has some advantages as well which impact the company as well as the people attached to it (Hillyard et al., 2010). The main benefits of group work are more than simple business focused, and there are normally some kinds of advantages for the workforce as well. The group work advantages Share ideas and innovation: one of the biggest advantages of group work or any team culture is the overall capacity to share multiple ideas among the groups. Most probably there are many possible approaches for the projects and as people; a staff member can be unaware of which one can take. At the same time, as a team, all the members can also be a part of different pros as well as cons of the principles to work and way to achieve the necessary goals (Hillyard et al., 2010). Increased level of efficiency: Other main advantages of the group work it helps in getting thing much faster. When any group starts working on a project or function, it can be done in a rapid manner and plus with the great amount of efficiency (Long Porter, 1985). Responsibility for weak areas: working in a team not just assist to show people many kinds of strengths but is also permit for high compensation of many weak cases. Member of a team can share the work so that people can show their strengths with the work and collaborate to solve the weak areas. Improvement in office companionship: when people work at one place as a team, they are not just becoming more invested in the work, but they are also coming closer to one another (Long Porter, 1985). The team also supports one another and tries to help each other even outside the team structure and also be able to adapt one another's working methods. This can result in teamwork and different approaches external of the official structure of teamwork (Cohen Lotan, 2014). How these benefits help the university students to become successful Group work can assist students in some ways where they can easily develop a lot of skills that are very crucial in the professional world. Positivity in group experiences in addition to some learning, retention and complete success in colleges. Following are some the benefits for the students: - It helps them to break the whole task in small parts and steps easily. This way, they become more and more organized in dealing with things. It also helps in properly planning as well as managing the time. Teamwork also helps in refining the overall understanding through appropriate discussion (Widn-Wulff, 2014). A delegation of roles and responsibilities. Deal with difficult issues in a right manner. Generate an ability to settle a shared identity with so many members. Challenges that group faces while working in a team Following are some of the important challenges: - Conflict in diverse situations: when there are two or more than two positions that differ with one another, positions tends to get argued about the group, and it will not lead any solution. Communication problem and mistrust: when people in the team try to dominate the communication while other people silently sit or also appear to drop out from the conversation, it will impact the work culture and create a lot of mistrust in the team. Clashes in personality: in this situation, personal styles are unique and also cause a lot of conflict among the members of the team (Widn-Wulff, 2014). Power based problems and personal issues: conflict also arises when there are power based issues or strong agenda that must be dealt appropriately. The truth is that there is certain kind of people that does not fit on a team and a leader also requires having a will to eliminate them or also offer another position to them (Widn-Wulff, 2014). How these challenges does have an effect on groups Culture issues, as well as diversity based problems, usually clear their position as there is a breakdown in communication process or many kinds of interpersonal issues. The difference in communication behavior from one individual to another, the staff member can try to communicate indirectly while other people may prefer some nurturing approaches. The style of working also changes with someone with an extroverted personality that one might feel unhappy about working alone. Success in team association is constructed on mutual respect and taking a lot of time in listening every member of the team. It is also based on taking their opinion into consideration, and it is very crucial to instill a feeling of values in each member (Baines et al., 2016). How to overcome these challenges every member to take turn one by one to express their concern and doubts. Rest of the people can listen carefully and understand each other situation and reason for their behavior. One way to deal with mistrust is a leader coming forward and asks every member what their opinion and another method is to get a process observer. His job is to aim at how any team is communicating with one another (Levi, 2015). A team leader here also plays a crucial role in administering different behavior based assessment tools to assist people in properly understanding every member and learn to work with one another. The power issues don't happen on the regular interval, but on some occasion, it is required. The situation can be dealt with the team normally is a step forward. This can be an option only in the situation where other people attempts to work with people that have failed miserably (Levi, 2015). Conclusion There are many advantages for depending on the group work in the class and also sharing all the advantages with the students in a more transparent way which assisted the students to understand different methods to learn group work. It can also improve the learning process and also prepare them for many life-based experiences. Working is a group is usually a normal phenomenon for any workplace (Levi, 2015). As a matter of fact, employees learn a lot from working with a group as they work and pursue their career. When people work in a group, they learn a language in so many methods even when they may not understand the kind of changes it is bringing to them. There are so many advantages along with challenges for the company and as the organization, every firm look for these benefits. References Baines, E., Blatchford, P., Kutnick, P. (2016).Promoting effective group work in the primary classroom: A handbook for teachers and practitioners. Routledge. Cohen, E. G., Lotan, R. A. (2014).Designing Groupwork: Strategies for the Heterogeneous Classroom Third Edition. Teachers College Press. Hillyard, C., Gillespie, D. and Littig, P. (2010). University students' attitudes about learning in small groups after frequent participation.Active Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), pp.9-20. Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Long, M. H., Porter, P. A. (1985).Group work, interlanguage talk, and second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly, 207-228. Widn-Wulff, G. (2014).The challenges of knowledge sharing in practice: a social approach. Elsevier.

HSC Multicultural Issue In Healthcare

Question: Write an essay on HSC Multicultural issue in healthcare. Answer: Introduction Diabetes mellitus is one of the prevalent diseases that have encircled the maximum amount of the human pool in its trap globally. In the US, this disease affects twenty-four million of individuals (Reidy et al., 2014). The patient with this illness cannot secrete enough insulin or cannot use the natural amount of insulin secreted properly. Insulin hormone regulates the blood sugar level in organisms. If the body has higher blood sugar level, it might be detrimental to the various parts of the body (Inzucchi et al., 2014). A patient with Diabetes might experience kidney failure. Diabetes injures the blood vessels in the kidney, leading to retention of more amounts of salt, water and waste materials (Sellares et al., 2012). This leads to various critical problems in the body. To manage this disease patients must adhere to specific treatments which include physical activity, dietary restrictions, self-monitoring of the level of glucose, etc. (Levey Coresh, 2012) The aim of this context is to review various studies based on the effects of Diabetes in our family with a particular focus on kidney failure. Further, the outcome of this disease and the plan of action that could be developed to take precaution and stay safe in life, work places, and the educational institute will be discussed. Method For this study, the author undertakes qualitative analysis including the literature research for supporting the argument and critically analyze on the chosen subject. PubMed, NCBI and Google Scholar are searched with keywords "Kidney failure", "Diabetes", "Diabetes care", Diabetes care and control, psychological impacts of kidney failure, Renal failure and depression, Diabetes management etc. Literature review Empirical studies reflect the fact that there is a significant and positive relationship between treatment adherence amongst diabetes patient and the social support (Vanmassenhove et al., 2013). Regarding the Diabetes patients, non-adherence is linked with reduced glycemic control, long-term complications including, neuropathy,retinopathy and renal disease (Jha et al., 2013). Diabetes mellitus show the close association with several renal infections which include emphysematous pyelonephritis and cystitis,"candidiasis and perinephric (Inzucchi et al., 2015). Individual studies revealed that Diabetes patients are five times more chances and frequency of "acute pyelonephritis at autopsy in comparison to the non-diabetics (Tonelli et al., 2014). Around seventy two percent of twenty patients in 1980 were observed to have chronic emphysematous cystitis (Jha et al., 2013). Acute urinary infections frequent in diabetic women since they have short urethra which is readily accessible to micro organisms (Vanmassenhove et al., 2013). The presence of this disease predisposes to certain severe infections in patients with less diabetic control, acute ketoacidosis, neuropathy, etc. (Fox et al., 2012). A literature review shows that if the cause of the renal failure is due to Diabetes, with urinary tract obstruction, then sepsis can produce a favorable outcome (Reidy et al., 2014). Moreover, NSAIDs drugs should be avoided in case of patients with Diabetes nephropathy (Inzucchi et al., 2015). One study reveals that the outcome of the renal failure was active, almost around forty-seven patients recovered from renal failure with appropriate treatment using renal transplantation (Fox et al., 2012). Studies reveal that if there exist a family history revolving kidney disease, then it can elevate the chances of a risk of diabetic nephropathy (Levey Coresh, 2012). But some procedures can be changed to lower the risk of diabetic nephropathy. These changes or prevention measures include controlling the increase in the blood sugar levels, controlling the weight, monitoring the disease related nerve or vision complications (Sellares et al., 2012). Kidney failure requires artificial means of excretion for survival as the result of which such patients undergo a "number of lifestyles, dietary, and fluid restrictions to accommodate their illness." According to (Buckingham, et al., 2013) such lifestyle changes and constraints disrupt the social functioning with patients struggling hard to maintain "vitamin, iron, and protein levels." (Finnegan-John Thomas, 2012) said that "such restrictions impact on patients' illness beliefs, sense of personal control leading to anxiety and depression, inhibiting coping, and adjustment." According to (Poppe et al., 2013) End-stage renal failure has the significant influence on family members, therefore, irrespective of age every patient needs family's support who are also affected by the lifestyle changes. There are several diabetic patients who want to manage the disease on their own, but family members also learn how to handle such disease living with and witnessing their affected loved ones (Finnegan-John Thomas, 2012). Several patients prefer to take self-care," for example, preparing their machines or needling their fistulas for hemodialysis treatment. Patients reported a sense of independence and autonomy which was critical in coping with the routine of therapy. An experienced patient can provide peer support and education. Social support and mental support from the family members provides practical help to the patients who can buffer the stresses to live with the illness (Hippisley-Cox Coupland, 2016). Studies conducted by Novo Nordisk named as Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs 2 or (DAWN2) (Rosland et al., 2012). It intended to realize the unmet needs of diabetic patients and their families. The results of this study would enhance self-management and psychological support in diabetes care". According to this study, 60% of the relatives of diabetics undergo tremendous emotional stress worrying about the proposed complications likely to affect the person they are living with (Rosland et al., 2012). Non-adherence to medication in many cases has been reported to cause depression and other psychosocial effects in patients consequently impacting their family (Cole Reiss, 2013). ESRD also transforms personal relationships. A study by (Buckingham et al., 2013) shows that "Fatigue, infertility, low energy, and mood, physical changes to the body, for example, catheter, weight gain, and scarring, all played a role in undermining confidence and self-esteem. Sexual activity and intimacy we re also reported as significantly compromised requiring adjustment for both patients and their partners. Changes in perceptions of roles within the relationship were also evident." A similar study was published by Joslin in Diabetic Medicine, called theImpact of continuous glucose monitoring on diabetes management and marital relationships of adults with Type 1 diabetes and their spouses: a qualitative study (Cole Reiss, 2013). The majority of the "spouses" stay uneducated about such diseases and requirement of continuous glucose monitoring. It is the contributing factor in problems associated with management of diabetes (Levey Coresh 2012). According to (Chiang et al., 2014) family members should be included in the diabetes management else a due lack of knowledge and information they can never assist their loved ones in tackling the disorder. In this study, it was indicated that majority of the spouses are concerned about the hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. Therefore, to reduce the anxiety and stress among spouses, it is mandatory for them to use CMG and understand its operation (Poppe et al., 2013). A study by Joslin indicated that "collaborative diabetes management and relationships with patients" are positively influenced by CMG as it helps in decreasing the anxiety in spouses due to higher awareness. Clinical studies by (Cole Reiss, 2013) identified that the cases in which family member regularly visited with the patient to clinics, management sessions and showed greater involvement were capable of creating an open home environment that suits easy management of diabetes. They were able to provide open discussing or dialogue and friendly support system to make patients more comfortable and stress-free (Rosland et al., 2012). Patients need a home environment that has more diabetes-friendly lifestyle (Inzucchi et al., 2015). People with diabetes crave for the atmosphere where the surrounding people are cognitive about their condition which in fact makes them they have collaborators and feel less alone (Jha et al., 2013). From the above literature review, it is apparent that psychological support is essential to assist patients in tackling lifestyle restrictions. It will, therefore, enhance "personal control through self-management strategies" which is critical, as outlined in the National Service Frameworks (Department of Health, 2005). According to NICE need assessment is important in creating an evidence base for developing a comprehensive health psychology service to run concurrently with a renal counseling support service as a means of responding to the recommendations made by the National Services Frameworks. Discussion and analysis The literature review has given an in-depth knowledge of the consequences of Diabetes and kidney failure and the role of family members in its management. The findings reveal that patients with renal impairment have the considerable impact on the quality of their life and give an insight into complexities, psychological and medical consequences of such chronic illness. Within the renal setting, patients with psychological distress should be supported and assisted by practitioners and psychologists to help enhance their coping style. It can be achieved by providing services or multidisciplinary care approaches which incorporate a holistic framework. In the next section, I am going to describe my personal experience with family. One of my maternal uncles John expired during my childhood and I went through a period of anxiety, depression, and chaos in my house. He died due to kidney failure, and I remember the experiences right from his final stage till his death, his family and friends struggling hard to save his life till his last breath but in vain, their pain, guilt, and agony faces still flashes in my mind. I learned a lesson with this incidence and was greatly influenced being close to him. Last year my other maternal uncle was diagnosed with diabetes. This time, everybody is more involved in his disease management including me. I accompany him when he goes to measure his A1C level, and I ensure that he takes his insulin injections and gets blood glucose monitoring on the timely basis. I always request him to not to miss on his urine test required for predicting Kidney disease. I always assist him in meal planning, performing physical activity and made sure he adhere to his medication. Mostly I cook for him only protein low diet. The family history of "diabetes and kidney failure" is a major risk factor for kidney disease and it is well known to run in families. Therefore, I insist my mother, father, and sister for the regular check-up to detect any signs kidney disease and be preventive. I do not want to undergo similar experiences once again in my life. I keep reading a lot shuffling through the journals, articles, magazines, and blogs finding out any modern therapy or curative medicines recently launched in the market with success rate. I keep informing friends and my family about the recent researches going on in this field to keep them updated, and I learn new recipes related to low protein diet which I prepare for my parents thrice a week. In order gain more knowledge on this subject, I consult my teachers, counselors, and professors to learn to be as much preventive as I could to enhance active and healthy lifestyle. Every morning since last year my parents and I are attending meditation classes. There are several positive changes in our lives; it has increased self-efficacy and self-esteem. I am sure we all will be able to manage adverse health issues by continuing such practices. Conclusion Living with "chronic illness such as kidney failure" can significantly compromise the "belief system" and undermines every phase of life. Several interventions have been developed to empower patients with ESRD, including educational programs and training sessions. Both parents and carers are acquiring good approaches and contacts to services required to empower them in managing their lifestyle and health (Rosland et al., 2012).It is essential that health care providers teach these patients that they are the leaders for their disease, how to control and that self-management care is not an easy task if they are not motivated. However, by assisting and following those on the regular basis will help these patients and their family to live a healthy lifestyle while becoming "their doctors in self-managing their condition." References: American Diabetes Association. (2013). Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2012.Diabetes care,36(4), 1033-1046. Buckingham, J. L., Donatelle, E. P., Thomas Jr, A., Scherger, J. E. (2013).Family medicine: principles and practice. R. Taylor (Ed.). Springer Science Business Media. Chiang, J. L., Kirkman, M. S., Laffel, L. M., Peters, A. L. (2014). Type 1 diabetes through the life span: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care,37(7), 2034-2054. Cole, R. E., Reiss, D. (Eds.). (2013).How do families cope with chronic illness?. Routledge. Finnegan-John, J., Thomas, V. J. (2012). The psychosocial experience of patients with end-stage renal disease and its impact on quality of life: findings from a needs assessment to shape a service.ISRN Nephrology,2013. Fox, C. S., Matsushita, K., Woodward, M., Bilo, H. J., Chalmers, J., Heerspink, H. J. L., ... Tonelli, M. (2012). Associations of kidney disease measure with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis.The Lancet,380(9854), 1662-1673. Hippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C. (2016). Diabetes treatments and risk of amputation, blindness, severe kidney failure, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia: the open cohort study in primary care.BMJ,352, i1450. Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., ... Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetes care,38(1), 140-149. Inzucchi, S. E., Lipska, K. J., Mayo, H., Bailey, C. J., McGuire, D. K. (2014). Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review.Jama,312(24), 2668-2675. Jha, V., Garcia-Garcia, G., Iseki, K., Li, Z., Naicker, S., Plattner, B., ... Yang, C. W. (2013). Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives.The Lancet,382(9888), 260-272. Levey, A. S., Coresh, J. (2012). Chronic kidney disease.The Lancet,379(9811), 165-180. Poppe, C., Crombez, G., Hanoulle, I., Vogelaers, D., Petrovic, M. (2013). Improving quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease: influence of acceptance and personality.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,28(1), 116-121. Reidy, K., Kang, H. M., Hostetter, T., Susztak, K. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease.The Journal of clinical investigation,124(6), 2333-2340. Rosland, A. M., Heisler, M., Piette, J. D. (2012). The impact of family behaviors and communication patterns on chronic illness outcomes: a systematic review.Journal of behavioral medicine,35(2), 221-239. Sellares, J., De Freitas, D. G., Mengel, M., Reeve, J., Einecke, G., Sis, B., ... Halloran, P. F. (2012). Understanding the Causes of Kidney Transplant Failure: The Dominant Role of Antibodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mediated Rejection and Nonadherence.American Journal of Transplantation,12(2), 388-399. Vanmassenhove, J., Vanholder, R., Nagler, E., Van Biesen, W. (2013). Urinary and serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury: an in-depth review of the literature.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,28(2), 254-273.

American History Thesis

American History Thesis American History Thesis American History Thesis: Begin With Christopher Columbus. Do you need help in writing American history thesis? You will get it! American history offers countless ideas for writing American history thesis because of its rich history. Before you start writing an American history thesis the first step you are to undertake is to narrow American history down to a certain period, definite geographic area, politics and the arts. While writing American history thesis, take into account these facts. American History Thesis: From the Very Beginning! The discovery of America is an event, which came to be known a new part of the world - America, consisting of two continents. United States is a multinational country, and a dispute concerning the historical significance is not new. As for the personality of Columbus and his role in American history, I think to spoil his reputation in this case would be difficult. Everything is due to loyalty and great love, which is directed to the Christop her Columbus Italian American. If you want to, you may choose the earlier history in writing American history thesis. American History Thesis: General events.Constitution was adopted in 1787 Civil war in USA- the reason caused war was the lopsided development of the country in the first half of the 19th century Great Depression - a continuous economic crisis that swept in the 1930's all the industrialized countries. The United States entered the world war in December 7, 1941, when the military base at Pearl Harbor had been attacked by Japanese planes. 1964-1975 - Vietnam War. These are the main facts in American history. You are to know them; maybe it may come across on the choice of a particular topic in writing American history thesis. American History Thesis: The development of American cinema in the XX century. If you choose such topic as American cinema in history to describe in thesis, you should point out and open up next facts. Developments that gave the cou rse of the history of American cinema linked with the transferring the cinema capital from New York to a small Californian town of Hollywood. A place with unique nature and a favorable climate seems to be created specially for the moviemaking. The film industry concentrated in the hands of a few capitalists after the Great Depression. They were absolutely not interested in solving creative problems, they saw only profits. Since that time Hollywood became the center of commercial moviemaking. If you are going to tell about the tops of American cinema of the early period in your American history thesis, you should first mention Charlie Chaplin. This talented comic actor has begun his career as actor during the silent film and ended in the period of sound color movie. Almost from the origins, American cinema developed a clear system of genres. Each genre has its own laws, similar plot lines, and its audience, which generates income. Also in Hollywood is developing a musical ge nre rapidly. Separate topic in writing cruel angel thesis may be a popular crime drama genre is associated with the work of F.F. Coppola. His well known The Godfather is doubtless Hollywood classics. A significant impulse in the development of American cinema of the second half of the twentieth century was the appearing of European directors. American History Thesis: Sum Up! American history is so eventful; is a very wide field in choosing different themes for writing American history thesis. Pay attention, that the result will be better if you devoted in definite topic. Good luck in writing your American history thesis!

Kingdom of Bhutan

Kingdom of Bhutan The kingdom of Bhutan, situated in the Himalayan Mountains, bordered by India, Tibet, and China, is a nation of approximately 672,425 people (Anielski 137). In the year 2005, the nation had a gross national product (GDP) per capita of about $US 3,921 and was ranked 117th in the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Kingdom of Bhutan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By conventional economic measures, Bhutan is a relatively poor, developing country with a resource based economy that relies on forestry, animal husbandry, subsistence agriculture, and now increasingly, hydroelectricity, cash crops and tourism. However, the nation is far beyond developed countries as its physical environment is beautiful. It is also closer to being sustainable than nearly any other country in the world. Bhutan fits the idea of Shangri-La in many respects. It only allowed foreigners into the country from the 1970s, and continues t o restrict the entry of tourists. A hereditary monarchy has ruled the country since the start of the twentieth century. The Bhutanese are mainly Buddhists and the nation has a life expectancy of 63 years for men and 64 years for women. Late in the 1990s, television and the Internet were allowed, and King Jigme Singye Wangchuk installed parliamentary democracy in 2008. Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Bhutan has adopted an official policy, passed by parliament, of Gross National Happiness (GNH) where by the pursuit of happiness takes precedence over economic prosperity and GDP. Apparently, this isolated Tibetan Buddhist nation, led by King Jigme Singye Wangchuk, is the only country in the world that has made attempts to measure a well-being by GNH instead of Gross National Product or GNP (Anielski 139). Bhutan leaders introduced the idea of GNH in order to strengthen the Buddhist spiritual system of belief. GNH measures and manages what matters most in people’s lives s uch as the quality of life, happiness of people, and good stewardship of the earth. In addition, GNH is intended to encourage debates on how different teachings and ethical beliefs of the Bhutanese people can be factored into the nation’s economy. In essence, GNH focuses policy debate on well-being and the pursuit of happiness rather than the mere acquisition of material things, consumption or production. At its heart, GNH is based on the Buddhist philosophy. In Buddhism, happiness is not determined by what we have and own but rather by the qualities of being. A study by Morrall indicated that Bhutan scores very well in the Happy Index in the Happy Planet Index, which is not surprising given that it has led the way in terms of furnishing a culture of happiness (Morrall 19). Bhutan assesses success through its GNH index instead of the economically driven measurements of GNP and GDP.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The four specific pillars of GNH as defined by King Jigme Thinley, upon which GNH rests, are good governance, cultural preservation, environmental conservation, and economic development. Each of these pillars has qualities that have never been and can never be quantified, but can be analyzed objectively. According to Bansil, the Bhutan 2020 vision document defines GNH’s role as a single unifying concept to identify future directions of policy (28). The King’s argument is that there are many concepts of development other than the GDP and the aim is to maximize happiness, rather than economic growth. Besides economic needs, the Bhutanese government believes that every single individual has many other needs that must be met. Consequently, development should be seen as the sum total of all the needs that are critical to human existence. The truth is that GNH is an almost intuitive idea to the Bhutanese and their King seeking to reconcile the need for development with preserving the essential ethos of Bhutanese spiritual and cultural life. In philosophical terms, the four pillars would come naturally to the Bhutanese people, living in an environment blessed by nature’s bounty, pride in their culture, and consequences of the benefits of good governance. In Bhutan, inner spiritual development is as important as external material development. Enlightening of an individual, not merely in the religious sense, is thus a critical requirement. At the very least, Bhutan’s contribution has served to stir a new debate on what is happiness and limitations of the fashionable paradigms of seeking happiness by possessing more and more goodies. If life expectancy can be taken to be one valid indicator of the success of GNH, then Bhutan has been a roaring success. From 1984 to 1998, life expectancy increased by 19 years. There are other tangible indicators where the country has also done extremely well. In the year 2006, gross national enrolment rate of primary schools reached 72 per cent, and the literacy rate grew from 17 per cent to 47.5 per cent (Bansil 29). Clearly, Bhutan has demonstrated to the whole world that people centric development is a workable economic model. GNH is, therefore, a multi-dimensional measure that should take the place of GDP. Politic Reforms and Modernization According to MCC, Bhutan is a near absolute monarchy that is in transition toward a democratic system (502). In 2005, King Jigme Singye Wangchuk announced that a constitution would be presented to the people for approval in a referendum. The new system was scheduled to come into effect in 2008. The chief of the state of Bhutan is the king, and the throne is hereditary in the male line of the Wangchuk dynasty, which was established in 1907, when a system of joint chiefs of state was replaced.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Kingdom of Bhutan specif ically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1968, the king created a council of ministers to assist him handle administrative duties. Originally, six ministries were established with an additional four ministries added in 2003. From 1998, the responsibility of choosing members of government shifted from the king to the National Assembly. However, the king nominates potential ministers to the national assembly, and because the assembly is not independent, ultimate authority rests with the monarch. Since 1988, the position of prime minister is held in turns by the cabinet take. In 2005, the king proposed a two chamber legislature commonly known as the Parliament. The National Assembly would have more than 75 members, elected by universal adult suffrage for five years. Each district would elect between two and seven members, depending on its population. Two political parties would be allowed to operate. The upper house would comprise 25 members, one elected from each district for five years, plus five members chosen by the king. Members of the National Council would not be allowed to be members in any political party. The government would be led by a prime minister, whose party had a majority in the lower house. The prime minister would not serve more than two five year terms. The king would retain the power to appoint the principal officials of state and to approve bills from the Parliament. Succession to the throne would be extended to the princess, and the monarch would be obliged to abdicate at the age of 65. Economy Bhutan is one of the world’s poorest states characterized by remoteness, underdevelopment, and lack of resources. All viable land routes to Bhutan pass through India, which economically dominates its neighbor Bhutan. The kingdom depends on India for financial assistance, and is not financially independent. Bhutan’s currency, the ngultrum, is on a par with the Indian rupee, which also circulates in Bhutan. In general, Bhutan’s terrain hinders the nation’s development (MCC 510). More than 97 per cent of the land area is composed of rugged mountains and steep slopes that have no soil or are too cold to be farmed. In 2003, the Bhutanese GDP was $2.9 billion and this came mainly from agriculture, industry, and services sectors. Bhutan has reserves of timber and deposits of dolomite and limestone, gypsum, calcium carbonate, beryl, copper, coal, graphite, iron ore, and lead. This notwithstanding, most of Bhutan’s resources are too small or too inaccessible to be commercially viable. Arable land and land that is permanently cropped account for only 2.7 per cent of Bhutan.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of this, 93 per cent of the labor force is employed in farming. Industry in Bhutan is small scale and employs only 2 per cent of the labor force. The services sector employs 5 per cent of the labor force but provides 45 per cent of the country’s GDP. Preservation of Cultural Value Preserving and promoting culture is generally regarded as an important factor in the development of the Bhutanese nation. This is mainly driven by the general belief in Bhutan that when a nation loses its cultural heritage, people tend to be dissatisfied. As a result, Bhutan zealously guards its culture and the government sees the preservation of culture as a high priority (Biswas-Diener 77). This is strengthened by the school system which requires Bhutanese values to be taught side by side with science, mathematics, and English language. The Bhutanese national language, Dzongkha, is spoken by around 50 per cent of the population. Bhutanese legendary culture is closely related to the Tibeta n Buddhist literature and is mainly concerned with Buddhist themes. Early works are preserved in fortified monasteries that are found throughout Bhutan. Traditional buildings in Bhutan are constructed from either mud bricks for domestic buildings or stone for major public and religious structures. Both types of buildings have colorfully painted or carved wooden doors, window frames, and roofs. The two most characteristic buildings are the farmhouse and the Dzong, both constructed without using nails (Minahan 27). Traditional dances such as the mask dances performed by monks at festivals frequently had a religious significance. The Bhutanese celebrate many festivals, a large number of which are local. National public holidays include the winter solstice, which is celebrated according to a lunar calendar rather than the Western calendar. However, modern public holidays are celebrated according to the Western calendar. The cuisine of Bhutan reflects the relatively limited range of food items available to the nation’s substance farmers, almost all of whom own cattle. Generally, the cuisine is rice based, and dairy foods, such as cheese and butter, feature prominently in recipes. The Preservation of Environment Given that many Bhutanese people depend on the environment for their daily subsistence, environmental conservation is an important undertaking for the nation. This is particularly true for agricultural populations (Biswas-Diener 78). Environmental preservation is easily acceptable to the Bhutanese people who strongly believe that being reckless only creates an unhappy nation. As a result, all citizens have a major responsibility to ensure that the environment is preserved for future generations. This in turn has limited severe environmental degradation such as seen in neighboring countries like Nepal where the denuding of forests on the slopes of the Himalaya has led to landslides that have destroyed villages and taken lives. Environmental benefits th at have been derived from this pillar of GNH include the listing of Bhutan as a world of biodiversity, increased preservation policies, and constitutional protection of the environment (Wiessala 46). Comparing Bhutan to the US, Bhutan’s environment is not polluted and its people are generally happy. Besides having the highest number species worldwide, Bhutan also has a huge portion of its total land under forest cover. Diplomatic Relations There is need for Bhutan to intensify its diplomatic relations with other nations across the world. With support from the Indian community, the nation has been able to establish a number of diplomatic relations with at least 23 countries. In creating these relationships, the nation started by joining the United Nations. Today, Bhutan is a member of several international bodies which IMF, UNESCO, and SAARC (Peksen 15). Conclusion Clearly, there is so much that the world can learn from the Bhutanese society. Its passion to preserve the enviro nment is especially admirable and can help the world deal with the issues of climate change and global warming which now pose serious threats to human existence. Anielski, Mark. The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth, Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007. Print. Bansil, Puran. Poverty Mapping In Rajasthan, Concept Publishing Company, 2006. Print. Biswas-Diener, Robert. Positive Psychology As Social Change, New York: Springer, 2011. Print. Marshall Cavendish Corporation (MCC). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2007. Print. Minahan, James. Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. Morrall, Peter. The Trouble with Therapy: Sociology and Psychotherapy, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International, 2008. Print. Peksen, Dursun. Liberal Interventionism and Democracy Promotion, Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2012. Print. Wiessala, Georg. The European Uni on and Asian Countries, New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. Print.